Causes of world war Free Essays

Source based World war one, a great European war, nations conflicted and divided, aligning themselves with their own allies. World war one war one was a war not born from profound causes but triggered by a continents own insolence, competition and whom a nation was allied with. Each of the European nations had their own goals and motives as to why they did what they did. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of world war or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some fought to preserve the interests that best served their nation, some fought to retaliate and some fought to become the king of Europe. A country like France ho pushed and encouraged nationalism and militarism was viewed as a powerful nation but because of Its strong policies It was also recognized as a huge threat to other European nations. A war seemed to be beneficial to every nation. Everybody was fending for themselves, For France if a war did break out especially between Germany and Russia, France would be able to attain previously lost lands from Germany. Lace and Lorraine, and this would only be a great outcome for France. Germany was another rising nation at the time, her and Russia had conflicts and a war between them seemed inevitable. Russia was trying to recover from a revolution that had occurred less than a decade ago. They had a big army but their soldiers were not well trained and their military was not well equipped to take on a nation Like Germany. Russia posed a threat to Germany but seeing as how Russia was not ready for a war, at least not yet, this was Germany’s opportunity to attack and eliminate Russia as a potential future threat. Germany only cared about herself, not other nations, not even Austria. (SOURCE B) Germany provoked a war between Austria and Serbia because Russia was going to Intervene and Germany loud have their chance. This was wishful thinking on the part of Germany. They did not want bloodshed or war, yet they provoked one because it served their nations best Interests. Another powerful nation was Britain, a country that was mostly neutral and wanted no part in war. Britain had a huge naval base that controlled most of the ports at sea; this trading system was highly beneficial for Britain because it was how their economy held up. Their economy was stable and that can only mean good things, but with a rising nation like Germany, Britain’s economy was at stake. Britain needed to stay at the top and Germany wanted to be at the top, there was only room for one, with this two powerful nations competing, a war was dawning, and so Britain allied with France to fight against Germany. Without Britain France would have lost miserably and Germany would have gained control over some of the ports threatening Britain’s supremacy over the waters. Each country was doing what was best for their own. Russia was the other nation fighting to get a stronger foothold in Europe, and just like the there nations, her too was serving her own interests. The Russians choose to align with Serbia because they both had similar political views and were both Slavic countries. This was a difficult time for Russia because of revolution that had occurred not so long ago. The Tsar was losing control and his influence over the Russian 1 OFF land in Europe and hope for that brings peace within Russia. World war one was not motivated by aggression but by mere agency of solidifying one’s nation as part of the European continent instead of ending up as an annexed territory in one’s nation. How to cite Causes of world war, Papers

Asia Pacific Economies for Knowledge Economy- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAsia Pacific Economies for Knowledge Economy. Answer: Introduction This study critically analyzes two articles to explain the issues revolving during recent times. The title of the article are The Myth of Asias Miracle that was written by Paul Krugman (Krugman, 1994). The title of the second journal article is Letters to the Editor- Asias Growth: Miracle or Myth that was written by Frank Gibney (Husain, 1995). The current essay had been written to highlight several issues and discussion had been made by referring the above two articles in critical ways. It is the responsibility of the government who are engaging in undertaking this opportunity for the support of financial expansion in these countries. Furthermore, it is essential to look at the financial achievement lies in the fact that there have been important attributes towards managing high rates of savings as well as investment. The countries or economies have even pursued ways especially for export-oriented development strategies in the most appropriate way (You, 2017). Analysis Is the growth experience of the Asian Tigers and the Newly-Industrializing Countries of Southeast Asia in the latter half of the 20th century a myth or a miracle? Despite its massive mobilization of resources, it is understood that Soviet economy was treated as virtually certain so as to stop Soviet managers who were unable to utilize the resources in an effective way (Preston, 2017). Likewise, it was argued by Krugman that paper tigers are coasting on their astounding inputs without even increasing level of productivity in an effective way. There are four newly industrialized economies in countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan as well as Singapore and South Korea. Some important facts had been pointed out by World Bank economists that two-third of the expansion of high-performing Asian economies are input-driven where the remaining third cannot be mentioned by accretion. This leads to attributable for increasing level of competence or total factor efficiency. In addition, it is more relative to other countries as a share of production expansion (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). There is several attributes to look after augmented efficiency as it is mentioned in export-driven financial system as it is mainly attributed to imports in accordance to foreign knowledge as well as technology (Chen Keng, 2017). The locus of growth actually shifted to four tigers. It is a known fact that rising share of manufactured exports aims at contributing towards attainment of future growth in productivity. In order to understand the point, it is supposed that Gabon which had higher rate of labor productivity as compared to all other four East Asian tigers (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). It is important to understand on how far it is created when productivity gain by continuously producing clothing as well as textiles. On the other hand, four tigers have gained less in overall labor productivity and this can be done by moving labor from producing clothing as well as textiles. Now, the question arises whether Gabon has the greater potential for future growth as compared to tigers in the future run (Preston, 2017). On the contrary, the growth of tigers had been driven by inputs. In this journal article where the title of the article is The Myth of Asias Miracle is the principle drawn from Occams razor as the hypothesis holds use of simple explanation to explain the unknown terms (Krugman, 1994). It is all about self-discipline and this holds for sweeping hypothesis on matters relating to policy or culture. Furthermore, four Asian tiger nations have already recovered from 1997 crisis and this faster as compared to other countries because different economic advantages that include high savings rate and their openness to trading activities (Liu Zhu, 2017). The World Bank reports explain about two developmental policies where the main sources come from Asian miracle and this take into consideration factor accumulation as well as macroeconomic management (Bhavnani, 2017). It is mainly ascribed to export oriented policies as well as strong expansion policies at the same time. In addition, sustained rapid growth as well as high levels of equal income distribution that leads to help in managing developmental activities There are high levels in physical as well as human capital that is present in four countries as it leads to rapid expansion as per capita income levels. While high investment were necessary that lead to financial expansion of these countries (Li et al., 2017). There is decrease in gap present both in case for male as well as female enrolments. Furthermore, role of human capital is important where education plays important role in the Asian miracle. The export oriented economies of the four Asian tiger nations that benefits from American expenditure. Other reason for strong bounce back treated as modest corporate as well as household debt in these four nations (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). To what degree does Confucianism contribute to the economic successes of the Asian Tigers? Does it mean that Asian countries do not adopt Confucian philosophy will fare badly economically? The Asian Tigers still stand popular examples of states that had successfully developed in a way that was not predictable 50 years before and is equally faster than any of the current efforts taken at world development (Lecomte-Tilouine, 2017). There are several activities that need to be learnt that arise from rapid economic growth of Tigers and have practical application in contemporary development in the most appropriate way. There is basic difference between a thing that is present in its own right as well as ways to lead others. It is known that these shows prove to be an alternative path for reaching full industrialization. The hypothesis holds for reason at developmental state that is argued by number of economists and widely accepted as viable method of development (Dent, 2017). At the time of examining the economic development of Asian tigers, it is essential to highlight the theoretical framework (Liu Zhu, 2017). The models used for understanding economic development varies largely and argued by development economists but at the risk of sacrificing diversity for easy in analyzing further three models. There are three other models that has less cohesive blueprints as well as categories of development policy is derived by market-led interventionlist as well as state-led models especially for economic development (Filippetti Peyrache, 2017). Reasons to Asian Miracles mainly focus on increasing exports, high growth rates, rapid industrialization, and high saving rates, small sized with small population as well as little or no possessions and education of population (Findlay Lundahl, 2017). Confucianism means same culture background as well as this had been affected by several Western countries. It need stable political environment as well as area specialization by getting access to skilled and cheap workforce. The main reason lies in the fact when Asian Tigers successfully developed as it is state-led rather than acting as market-led. Hong Kong is similar countries as many other ways to Singapore when it is noted that it consist of market-led activities of the Tigers. It is needed to conduct balance trade deficits because of poor agricultural potential as it give rise to rapid development of this industry (Ahmed, 2017). Further, it need advocacy of treatment of market-led developmental attributes that is explained in the next steps by providing trade as well as financial services. The market actors are involved here to understand the historical nature as a whole. Unlike Hong Kong, Singapore was known as financial centre for its region as a main industrial producer. It is quite surprising among the tigers for having significantly consistent Laiseez-faire approach in the current marketplace and it is closer to a market-led development. At this phase of development, the tigers pushed forward and it even aggressively reacts towards reinvesting in the infrastructure that help in establishing in next phase as well as protecting it from the benefits of international market as it is ready to understand burden of economic growth (Liu Zhu, 2017). It is important to understand the fact that success of state-led development in East Asia was not attributable to their shared culture where there is missing link about legitimacy in countries. Here, all the four tigers had a strong central leadership for efficiently steering the course of the financial system without important internal challenges as it is an indication of substantial legitimacy. In this case, it need to understand about economic rivals of countries where it had no such fallback as well as continued rule of leadership and rest on looking at the ability for delivering the economic goods (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). Is there a single Asian recipe model for economic success? Discuss by referring to relevant sources of information Single East Asian Experience or model In this question, it is needed to comment whether Single Asian model can be used for attaining future economic success and where East Asian miracle as well as common structural weakness as it is shared by these economies as it is supposed to have contributed in any form to the East Asian crisis (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). It is mainly discussed previously where misconception had been implemented when there is Single East Asian model of financial growth. Furthermore, it is difficult to understand about homogenous East Asian model of economic expansion or experience that exists in current place. There are five other categories of industrialization experience that need to be identified among the East Asian countries. The first category is Japanese case of government-directed industrialization as well as followed closely with state directed production as well as exports in and across the world market. There are two other city states that opened with free ports to the outside worl d. In addition, the second-tier NICs of countries like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand that links with Foreign Direct Investment led exports as well as level of growth in the near future. Under the leadership of Deng Xiao-ping, it gives rise to implementation of open-door policy for Foreign Direct Investment as well as considerable public expenditures especially on transportation expansion (Liu Zhu, 2017). There is no single established as well as widely accepted meaning of East Asian model of financial expansion (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). After making the comparison with Western counterpart, this model was used by countries like Japan, South Korea and Taiwan where it had unique features. Here, Government plays an important role as well as proactive role to look further into the procedure of industrialization as well as financial progress as a whole. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan was treated as developmental state where the state reorganizes financial expansion as main goal and it even they did not vacillate to interfere in a given market-oriented company for achieving future goals and objectives in the long run. As a capitalist state, it can be seen that the developmental state remains committed towards any of the private property as well as market system (Liu Zhu, 2017). In addition, the government bureaucrats aims at formulating as well as implementing strategic in dustrial policies for promoting economic development as well as closely monitoring the working or overall functioning of the market scheme. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan are promoting bank-based monetary scheme under close administration control. These countries even used international trade as a primary means for looking forward financial expansion as well as progress. There are commonalities present among the countries such as South Korea and Taiwan and this is the only reason that explains about the extraordinary financial achievement as achieved in past three decades (Hirakawa, 2017). The broad interest in the race between two giants of Asia as it explains about developmental plan of these East Asian tigers as it needs universal attention. Krugman is of the opinion that there is nothing astounding about East Asian miracle as well as opening up the total factor efficiency in an effective way (Liu Zhu, 2017). Furthermore, hardy anyone contest the notable financial achievement of the four little tigers of East Asia who actually won the developmental race of the 20th century as well as second-tier NIEs of Southeast Asia. However, export-oriented development strategies need to be guided by administration as it is believed and provided conditions for successful takeoff. The success of the East Asian economies as well as collapse of the socialist economies calls for an opinion that include standard paradigms used for development as well as intellectual foundations. In addition, the East Asian success story has brought forward many questions in development economies in t heory and policy (Hong Li, 2017). Despite various difference in history, economic and political institutions in most of the East Asian countries or economy as a part of the East Asian Miracle Conclusion From the above study, it is noted that both the articles were helpful to give proper insights of information about the issue that was mentioned in the case scenario. There are several other factors that give rise to productivity as well as continuously expanding education opportunities and improved work practices. Likewise, the most significant activities are the interlocking cooperation of free enterprise. There is governmental intervention that guides with minded technocratic bureaucracy especially on Japanese Model. Furthermore, the flexible industrial policy that compares with Soviet style command economies. It is important to understand the fact that managers of developed Western economies still hold that all economics must work in the same way. Proper emphasis has been given upon promoting universal education as well as market investments especially in human capital for absorbing and adapting to get access of most advanced technology. In such cases, it is seen that almost in al l the East Asian economies, it is noted that industrial policies for becoming significant part of their growth strategies in an effective way. Reference List Ahmed, E. M. (2017). ICT and human capital spillover effects in achieving sustainable East Asian knowledge-based economies.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,8(3), 1086-1112. Bhavnani, R. R. (2017). PS 330: The Political Economy of Development.Economic Perspectives,21(1), 141. Chen, W., Keng, S. (2017). The Chinese developmental state in transition: in light of the East Asian experiences.Journal of Chinese Governance,2(2), 209-222. Clarke, T., Gholamshahi, S. (2017). Developing Human Capital for Knowledge Based Economies. InInnovation in the Asia Pacific(pp. 247-270). Springer, Singapore. Dent, C. M. (2017). East Asias new developmentalism: state capacity, climate change and low-carbon development.Third World Quarterly, 1-20. Filippetti, A., Peyrache, A. (2017). Productivity growth and catching up: a technology gap explanation.International Review of Applied Economics,31(3), 283-303. Findlay, R., Lundahl, M. (2017). Modeling Global Interdependence: Centers, Peripheries and Frontiers. InThe Economics of the Frontier(pp. 95-104). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Foster-McGregor, N., Verspagen, B. (2017). Decomposing Total Factor Productivity Growth in Manufacturing and Services.Asian Development Review. Hirakawa, H. (2017). East Asias Economic Development and Japanese Firms ICT-Based Services Offshoring. InInnovative ICT Industrial Architecture in East Asia(pp. 33-59). Springer Japan. Hong, P., Li, H. Y. (2017). Avoiding pitfalls in Chinas transition of its growth model.Journal of Policy Modeling. Husain, I. (1995). Letters to the editor-Asia's growth: Miracle or myth?.Foreign Affairs,74(2), 173. Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia's miracle.Foreign affairs, 62-78. Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (Ed.). (2017).Nature, culture and religion at the crossroads of Asia. Routledge. Li, D., Tang, T., Hu, D., Song, F., Luo, L. (2017). The challenge to chinas enterprises from increasing labor costs: the product quality perspective.China Economic Journal,10(1), 18-33. Liu, J., Zhu, X. (2017). Human Capital Investment: The Fundamental Means to Promote Enterprise Competitiveness. InNew Interpretations on the Development of Chinas Non-Governmental Enterprises(pp. 209-229). Springer Singapore. Preston, P. W. (2017). The Historical Development Experience of East Asia: Growth, Regional Networks and the Developmental State. InPolitical Cultural Developments in East Asia(pp. 41-77). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Preston, P. W. (2017).Political Cultural Developments in East Asia: Interpreting Logics of Change. Palgrave Macmillan. You, J. S. (2017). Demystifying the Park Chung-Hee Myth: Land Reform in the Evolution of Koreas Developmental State.Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1-22.

Beyond The Dead Essays - American Film Directors, Free Essays

Beyond The Dead Essays - American Film Directors, Free Essays Beyond The Dead This play was the resounding voice of the dead. The direction of the play closely followed the original direction of the script. By that I mean that the unity of the play was contingent on the premise of the original writer. I believe that the director of this play was trying to uphold the message that Irwin Shaw first presented with this play. The play was directed very well. It seemed that it drove the intended message home well, which in this case I would consider an appreciative success. The view that I carried while watching this performance changed dramatically. Before the viewing, and during the first scenes, I was convinced that the plot was too dramatic. There has always been an enormous amount of sacrifice by soldiers during times of war. I thought this to be more of a degrading look at war, and it's atrocities. I believe in the sacrifices of war, or at least I thought I did. The play convinced me that not always is sacrifice necessary, and often times the sacrifice goes un noticed, or without proper revere for those giving up their lives. I would call the performance a sensitive, yet very real portrayal of the very large, yet mostly unseen, and unappreciated, losses of life. The actors did a pretty good job. On simple terms, they all remembered their lines, and the specific movements required of them. I guess that I don't know that for fact. If there was a mistake though, it was covered very well, which would indicate even better acting to me. The group of men that played the soldiers worked well together. They all seemed to be plagued by exactly the same symptoms. Of course they were all dead, but no one knows how to act dead-alive. Their individual acting of the symptoms was great, because in each we could see the same traits. They all swayed from side to side, or all kept a very somber, quiet look on their faces. Then they six were all further challenged by having to maintain these similarities, while at the same time displaying individual characteristics. The biggest part to all of the acting was the realness that all of the characters portrayed. The general is the best example of this. He was strong, and loud. The way he acted produced fear even in me. He was exactly the general I would picture or imagine if reading this performance to myself. The acting overall was strong. I don't know the scenery that was originally intended for this play, but I didn't like the set that was used. I however did agree with the structure being plat formed. The use of height to represent power or authority was an excellent choice. It is very easy to distinguish who they were, and what status they held because of the platform. One thing we discussed in class was the use of plain fatigues by the director. I believe that this choice was excellent. It made clear that the brutally and horror of war could be felt by anyone an any army. The lighting in the play was great as well. There were two particular parts that I noticed specifically. The first was the mood the lights cast. The back lights were blue and orange in color, and I believe that they helped set the mood. The second way I noticed the lighting was in more specific ways. The blinds on the wall in the press woman's office, or the leave cutout that were displayed through the larger covering lights to produce a leaf lik e effect on the floor and set. The spotlights on the individual soldiers when they were talking to their loved ones was also extremely creative. The way in which each soldier was totally lit, while the rest of the stage was dark had a profound effect. It gave more seriousness, or emphasis on their lines. The sound was vague. The gunshots sounded fake, and were difficult for the actors too act out correctly. Other than the gunshots though the sound seemed to fit in. I didn't notice any other problems, so I would assume that it was sufficient. The audience seemed to enjoy the

Decisions in Paradise Paper Part 2

Decisions in Paradise Paper Part 2 Decision making is an important part in an organization and the process need to be procedural and driven in a slow pace. This ensures that no negative implications arise when the whole process is executed or when the effects have already been felt by the organization and the environment. Critical thinking helps in the elimination of this possibility and any proposed decisions that may be part of a solution is well implemented. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decisions in Paradise Paper Part 2 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the operational and management problems that ANC is experiencing in Kava, various decisions which are part of the solutions have already been indentified. The solutions were identified through the use of the brainstorming decision making model. The given solutions were arrived at after an inductive process, sound judgment and use of logic was applied on a list of the possible solution s. However, the implementation of the solutions in an organization may be hard. This is because not every stakeholder agrees with the solutions and some may require a lot of resources to be effective. As part of the assignment, the paper identifies various factors that affect the decision implementation in an organization in regard to the proposed solutions. Implementation of decisions that may be part of a proposed solution is usually affected by several factors some which may be external or internal. ANC Company is no exception and several factors that may affect have been determined. The solutions given are mainly human management related and one of the factors that need to be considered is support of the ANC employees and respective stakeholders. Decision implementation requires the involvement of all parties involved in the running of an organization. Jones (2005) notes that sharing information forms part of the implementation process which encourages team responsibility. If for instances, the workers are not included and various stakeholders, there can rise issues of strikes, stoppages and protest that may paint a bad picture or tarnish the company’s public image. This is used to counter any from of resistance that may arise in the implementation of the solutions. The option of whether there are available alternatives to the solutions or decisions being implemented should also be put into consideration. For example, human resource management or the issue of corporate social responsibility requires options to ensure that the proper way is followed. Through planning the process of implementing the decisions or solutions may be delayed because of the options assessment. So as to ensure that successful implementation is arrived at, consideration needs to be put on the options available to avoid choosing the wrong option. Jones (2005) suggests that the likely impacts of the decision made should be relayed to all stakeholders together with possible a lternatives. This prepares them participants from any surprises or shock that may affect the implementation of the solution. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations should consider the cost involved in the implementation of the solution (Lewis, Goodman, Fandt Michlitsch, 2007). For example, training of employees requires great amounts of capital and finances. If the cost is considered, it could be easy to re-evaluate whether the company has that kind of finance. This can help in coming up with a cost effective plan or the modification of the solution made to a more affordable and cost effective details. Kava is a new region that has political and economic stability; the ANC should involve the government so as to get any assistance and protection that it may require. Lewis, Goodman, Fandt, and Michlitsch (2007) note that the time required is also a critica l factor that needs to be considered during the implementation process. Given a specific time frame ensures that the plan is well followed and the solutions are implemented in the specified time frame. The implementation of decisions of the proposed solutions needs actions and resources. A contingency plan is required before the implementation of the solutions for safety purposes. Decisions are not always effective and may fail, so contingency plan is used to ensure that problems that may arise are well taken of (Myers, 1996). Adequate finances are required in the implantation of solutions. For example, CSR, setting offices, making new brands, and training of employees requires finances (Beach Connolly, 2005). The company should invest heavily to ensure that the solutions proposed are successfully implemented. It also requires human resources that can train and manage the whole process of decision and solution implementation. The company also requires security and protection beca use the country is war torn. This can be provided by the government of KIVA. KIVA has an economic breakdown, so the ANC Company will require the assistance of government through the provision of subsidies in terms of taxes. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decisions in Paradise Paper Part 2 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would reduce the production cost and the initial cost of implementing the solutions. The experts that will train the locals will need to overcome the language barrier of KIVA nationalities. It will also need to trained and skilled laborers. This would require the use of expatriates because KIVA residents are less educated and the population is underage. For the place to be accessible a well networked infrastructure will be required. Outsourcing from the existing workforce will be used, meaning that ANC will have to come into agreement to ensure this. Other requirements will be installing of electricity, telephone and internet so as to connect with the mother company. Several ethical implications are likely to emerge from the stakeholders’ perspective on the proposed solutions. The issues of employing locals may have ethical implications in that the population is uneducated and underage. However, training them would ensure that the locals can sustain themselves in the long run. The environment has several hazards that may need to be put into considerations so as to preserve the biodiversity. The company aim is to make profits, but it will put it consideration the ethical duty of preserving the environment. This can be achieved through set up of programs that are environmentally considerate and friendly. Employees will have training in ethical decision making with the aim of restoring the company’s ethical values as well as those of others. This will positively influence the stakeholders and encourage them work with ANC company. Skill development and its nurturing entails ethical diversity, communication issues, cultural diversity , security concerns and environmental implications to a population that understands these aspects in amore positive way than before thus changing the perspectives of the stakeholders. Honesty and intertie are the major principles under which the company operates with. Employees will be trained in this to ensure that the company policy is well implemented in KIVA. Lastly the stakeholders’ concerns on ethical issues can be best managed through setting programs that can share the profits. These include charity contributions, financing education, offering medical facilities, helping the local authorities develop infrastructure as well as increasing the task force.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Beach, L. R., Connolly, T. (2005). The psychology of decision making: People in organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Jones, J. (2005). Management skills in schools: [a resource for school leaders]. London: Chapman. Lewis, P.S., Goodman, H.S., Fandt, P.M., Michlitsch, J.F. (2007). Management: Challenges for tomorrows leaders. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Myers, K. N. (1996). Total contingency planning for disasters: Managing risk, minimizing risk, ensuring business continuity. New York: John Wiley.

Australian Taxation Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Taxation Law - Assignment Example The $5,000 received after the trading period qualify as income for the period ended 30 June 2010. This is in accordance with accruals accounting method; income is recognized when it is earned. All this is in accordance with and requirements of section 6-5. The trading stock for Philip’s business has to be evaluated according to the general rule of accounting for stock-S70-35(1). The difference between the opening and closing stock is added to assessable income because the closing stock exceeds opening stock-S70-35(2). The allowable deductions (division 8) include the $2,000 which was an expense from the replacement of the air conditioner-S25-10. The amount is minimized to the cost that Phillip incurred since he resold the air conditioning system which generated back income-S6-5. W Thomas & co v FCT? bought a building and did not know that the building had damage when they bought it – the courts held that the ATO will treat expenditure that remedies defects, damage or de terioration to property as capital if the defect, damage or deterioration existed at the time of acquisition of the property, and did not arise from the operations of the person who incurs the expenditure. Note – the mere fact that the purchaser did not know that initial repairs were needed at the time of purchase is irrelevant. His interest accrued on a loan that was used in renovating the rental houses resulting in a generation of assessable income-S25-25(1). The $500 he used for replacing the light bulb is also a deductible income since it falls under repairs and replacement-S25-10. Fine paid by Phillip to the local does not qualify as a deduction as per the S26-5 stating that penalties are not deductible amounts. The expenses incurred in the manufacturing of the tennis racquet also, are a part of the deductible allowance as it is an expense incurred in generating an assessable income-S8-1. Under Division 30, donations are deductible allowances as long as they are voluntar y and, no collateral claimed. This can be related to the charity donation. However, the gifts he presented to family and the 5 racquets he took for personal use do not qualify as deductible allowance-S26-54. Paper 2 Joan’s total taxable income Joan’s income $ $ Salary 375,000 Home ware magazine 24,000 13,500 537,500 Agreement 230,000 Payment for damages through accident 360,000 590,000 Total assessable income 1,127,500 Allowable deductions $ $ Pain and suffering 10,000 University Union fees 650 Textbooks 750 Photocopying and writing aid 350 Travel 450 2,200 Total allowable deductions 12,200 Joan’s total taxable income Assessable income 1,127,500 Allowable deductions 12,200 Total taxable income 1,115,300 Joan’s total taxable income amounts to $1,000,300.  

Identify one major political event in an African country Essay - 1

Identify one major political event in an African country - Essay Example The main objective of the paper includes making the exploration of the actual political scenario of the Libyan politics, which had experienced a significant blow during the last few years in the name of so-called ‘awakening of the Arab nations’ for introducing imperative alterations to the Afro-Arab politics to a great extent. The paper will also examine the reasons behind the unexpected revolt against the Qaddafi regime. The paper is also interested in investigating into the external factors, including the US role, in respect of toppling the Qaddafi regime for the establishment of a pro-American political system in the lines adopted by the European powers of colonial era for turning the weak and backward states to be their subjugated domains in order to introduce and enforce the policies of their choice as well as to force the small countries for developing social, economic, business and trade relations with the USA. Hence, the paper will portray a comprehensive scenari o paving the way towards 2011 revolt in Libya in the light of internal and external factors controlling and regulating the rebellion and rebels at large. Muammar Qaddafi served as one of the most dominant and influential figures of the twentieth century Afro-Arabian political world, which left indelible impact of his political and strategic achievements in the entire region during the second half of the last century till the first decades of new century. By dint of his exceptional intellect, deep foresight and outstanding wisdom, he successfully played the role of a central figure in the national politics of Libya for over four decades, where he was the sole decision-maker of the fate of his country and its masses at large. Though, apparently, he was considered to be unconquered and supreme in national politics, who would sustain power till the last day of his life, Qaddafi became the victim of purported Arab Spring appeared by the mid of December 2010 with the big powers in

Qualitative Research on How We Know the City

Qualitative Research on How We Know the City How do we come to know the city? A city can be defined in a number of ways (Parr, 2007): firstly, in a physical sense of the territory it occupies (Smart, 1974); secondly, by its population size (Newling, 1996; Eeckhout, 2004); or alternatively, by the area dedicated to urban activities (Hall Hay, 1980). All of these interpretations of the meaning of a city have come about from different perceptions of certain cities, which can be researched using various qualitative methods. The qualitative methods that will be discussed in this essay include ethnography, participant observation, interviewing, and focus groups, arguing that a combination of approaches should be taken to reflect the dynamism of cities. Thus, this essay will examine how we come to know a city, taking a particular focus on Newcastle, located in North East England (Miles, 2005). The city is a taken-for-granted concept, frequently used unthinkingly in everyday life (Cloke et al., 2005). We live in an increasingly urbanised world (Hamnett, 2005), with 60% of the global population expected to be housed in cities by 2030 (United Nations (UN), 2016). However, trends of rapid suburbanisation and counter urbanisation have been witnessed since the 1980s, particularly in developed countries such as the UK, in which the city of Newcastle is located (Champion, 1989; Cheshire, 1995). In some cities, this suburbanisation is coupled with inner-city decline, subsequently followed by gentrification and city centre regeneration (Ley, 1996; Peach, 1996; Smith, 1996). Thus, contemporary cities are often characterised by growing inequalities, social segregation and socio-spatial unevenness (Hamnett, 2003; Knox Pinch, 2010). As Geographers, it is important to know how these cities are changing, both in terms of their economic foundation and social structure (Hamnett, 2005). Thi s can be done using qualitative research methods, which examine the ways in which different social groups visualise, feel and know the city, through a multitude of senses, rather than merely sight (Cloke et al., 2005). Therefore, a multiple-method approach is most desirable in order to know that there is more to a city than its physical existence and material construction (Elwood, 2010). Unlike quantitative research methods, qualitative methodologies do not begin with the presumption that there is a pre-existing world that can be known; instead, we see the world socially, as a construct that is constantly changing (Limb Dwyer, 2001). The emphasis, therefore, is to understand the meanings of everyday experiences of the cities (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Ethnographies are one of these such methods, which are characterised by in-depth approaches (Watson Till, 2010), rather than aiming to necessarily produce statistical data. This method involves living and working within a community to understand how people experience their everyday lives, and thus the city (Cook, 2010). Participant observation is a research method heavily emphasised by ethnography. It enables investigation into behaviours and socio-spatial interactions (Cloke et al., 2004) in a more natural setting, therefore producing more reliable responses as participants feel at ease (Western, 1992). Although this method does provide the researcher with a greater depth of understanding as they come to know the participants on a personal level, the research is based upon a very small sample size, which raises questions over to what extent reliable conclusions can be drawn (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Thus, it is important to use other methods, such as interviewing different groups of people, in order to overcome the temptation of generalising. Furthermore, it can be difficult for the researcher to detach themselves and remain an outside observer, as one becomes an intimate member of the group, often over a prolonged period (Chrisman, 1976). Overall, participant observation as a part of ethnographic resea rch produces tacit knowledge of peoples interactions with the city (Stake, 2005), thus aiding in explanation of how we come to know the city. Defined as a conversation with a purpose (Bingham Moore, 1966), semi-structured interviews are one of the most commonly used qualitative methods in social science research, and Human Geography in particular (Crang, 2002; Longhurst, 2003; Kvale, 2007). Despite often mistakenly being criticised for not being representative or scientific, as Valentine (2005) outlines, an interview enables the researcher to understand the mental world of individual people (McCracken, 1988), and how they experience and make sense of their own everyday lives, and thus, how they come to know the city. Interviewers tend to loosely base their questions on an interview schedule, which consists of memory prompts and key topics of discussion (Keats, 2000; Bryman 2004), however, this is often deviated from due to the fluid nature of this methodology (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Time consuming. Cultural and historical knowledge. Another qualitative research method that can be used to investigate how we come to know the city is focus groups. These usually consist of a one-off meeting among five to eight individuals (Limb Dwyer, 2001) where they are often presented with a set of small tasks, such as watching a short video (Goss, 1996). For the researcher, this is an efficient way of gaining an insight into the ways in which people come to know the city (Krueger Casey, 2015), by getting participants to share their personal experiences and argue for different points of view (Barbour Kitzinger, 1999). Rather than interviewing on an individual basis, which can create disproportional power relations (Smith, 2006), the focus group context shows the researcher how certain individuals interact with each other, allowing conversations to develop in arguably a more common social situation (Lunt Livingstone, 1996). However, if the group are not interested in the topic, it can be very difficult for the researcher to ge t the conversation to flow (Agar MacDonald, 1995). Furthermore, it is important to be aware of high dropout rates, and factor this in when planning research using this method (Limb Dwyer, 2001). For this reason, focus groups tend to be used in conjunction with other methodologies, such as interviewing, rather than as a stand-alone approach (Frey Fontana, 1993). Produces practical, context-dependent knowledge (Starman, 2013). Knowledge. Several misconceptions, such as that knowledge is only gained through observation of the world (Sayer, 1992). (Law, 2005). According to Sayer (1992), knowledge is in fact gained through a common language, interaction with other people, and the use of shared resources. Different types of knowledge are appropriate to different functions and contexts (Sayer, 1992). The city looks and feels different, depending on the perspectives of those inhabiting the space (Law, 2005). Dominant way of looking in Geography normalised as white, heterosexual male. (Rose, 1993; Rose, 1997). Excludes viewpoints of people from different races, sexualities, genders, and abilities (Law, 2005). Marginalisation of deaf and blind people, etc. in the city until the turn of the century (see Kitchen et al., 1997). These people are likely to have different experiences of the place. In terms of gender, women can find streets lined with trees intimidating at night as they reduce the visibility of being see n (Valentine, 1989). To others, it feels natural and seems aesthetically pleasing, particularly during the day. The city looks and feels, and is therefore known as, being different, depending on the perspectives of those inhabiting the urban space (Law, 2005). Mixed methods. Historically, Geography has been understood as a visual discipline. However, as Rodaway (1994) highlights, we come to know a city through a variety of senses: smell (Porteous, 1985), sound (Ingham, 1999; Smith, 2000), touch (Podock, 1993), taste. Cosgrove (1998) further recognises this in our association between the visual world and the production of reliable knowledge, with little consideration of other sense. If we rely only on vision as the best way of knowing a city, we, as Human Geographers, consequently only research the remarkable and elite landscapes (rather than the everyday) that are often theoretically only seen from above, rather than below (Law, 2005). If we mimic the position of urban planners in only seeing the city from above, we risk fixing its meaning, and thus denying its complexity (Law, 2005). Thus, it is important to take a multiple-methods approach in order to come to know the city through all of our senses In conclusion, this essay has argued that the city can become best known through a multiple-method qualitative research approach, incorporating a combination of ethnographies, participant observation, interviews and focus groups. It is important not to over-emphasis on visual sight, but also consider other, less-appreciated senses that contribute to our overall knowing of the city.